James Joyce Essay Research Paper James Joyce free essay sample

James Joyce Essay, Research Paper James Joyce, Alan Sillitoe, and J. D. Salinger are writers, who show that most struggles exists because of the difference between the comeliness of the ideal and the dowdiness of the existent. They convey their unfavorable judgment through their short narratives. The repeating subjects in Joyce # 8217 ; s narratives depict Dubliners aspirations being crushed by rough worlds and/or being restrained because of society. Sillitoe # 8217 ; s narratives portray the lives of the working category and their battle to set to the industrial society. In Salinger # 8217 ; s fictions the sensitive characters are isolated in a suppression and sometimes violent universe. The writers prove their points through their supporters, demoing that comeliness of the ideal and the dowdiness of the existent is the most common type of struggle. All three writers criticize the society # 8217 ; s Torahs, ethical motives and recognized manner of life. We will write a custom essay sample on James Joyce Essay Research Paper James Joyce or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page James Joyce is intensely critical of early twentieth century Dublin for being dominated by a restricting and unchanging manner of life. The church has entire power over society. It enforces its regulations and ethical motives for a rigorous Christian manner of life. Alan Sillitoe intensely criticizes his society of industrial Britain for non leting the person to take his ain destiny. The jurisprudence does non let Bloke in # 8220 ; On Saturday Afternoon # 8221 ; to stop his hard-pressed life. Yet, J.D. Slinger somewhat criticizes society for non leting the treatment of former relationships between partners. In # 8220 ; Uncle Wiggly in Connecticut # 8221 ; , Eloise thinks and believes that she can non discourse her past relationship with Walt to her hubby, fearing that her hubby won # 8217 ; t understand. In Salinger # 8217 ; s short narratives the common struggles between the comeliness of the ideal and the dowdiness of the existent exist in about all of his narratives. In the short narratives # 8220 ; Down at the Dinghy # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; For Esme # 8211 ; with love and Squalor # 8221 ; , Salinger believes that people can larn to populate in this universe without going contaminated by the moral decay which is common in our society. In # 8220 ; Down at the Dinghy # 8221 ; , Seymour # 8217 ; s sister Boo Boo forces her immature boy Lionel to accept the world of imperfectness in the existent universe alternatively of allowing him make up ones mind for himself. Lionel, at an early age refuses to compromise between corrupt world and pure spiritualty. In # 8220 ; Uncle Wiggly in Connecticut # 8221 ; is another narrative that shows the dowdiness of the existent. Eloise # 8217 ; s girl, Romona, shows that intelligent and originative people are normally paralyzed in one manner or another. Fine-looking imbeciles do good in this superficial universe while the ugly smart 1s are brushed aside and forced to restrict to themselves. Joyce besides points out the common struggle of comeliness of the ideal and dowdiness of the existent. In # 8220 ; After the Race # 8221 ; , the Irish desired a topographic point of richness and civilization to better their lives. They pursue an flight from Dublin, but erroneously idealize mainland Europe as a vas for their dreams of exceeding the O rdinary. The thought that Utopia exists across the ocean resulted in the people’s loss of involvement in mundane life doing them to go dead. The narrative # 8220 ; Counterparts # 8221 ; explores the capitalist society of Dublin in which people are the machines of productiveness. Mr. Alleyne patterns capitalist economy without cognition when he continuously demands productiveness from Farrington. Farrington is non pleased with his work topographic point conditions and attempts to get away through intoxicant. The three writers are able to demo common struggles by knocking the supporter for being subservient to society and non being able to confront their challenges or non do the right picks. James Joyce slightly criticizes the supporter for being so subservient to the regulations of society, that they become paralytic if they try to interrupt free. In # 8220 ; Araby # 8221 ; , the male child could non travel to the Araby without his uncle, although he was capable of traveling by himself. In Alan Sillitoe # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; One Saturday Afternoon # 8221 ; he criticizes the supporter for non trying to seek to acquire out of the state of affairs in which he is in. The supporter, Bloke, decided to perpetrate suicide therefore discontinuing his life. He should hold tried to get the better of his battle with society and move on. J.D. Salinger is really much critical of supporters who posses religious unwellness. In # 8220 ; Uncle Wiggly in Connecticut # 8221 ; , the decease of Walt enab les Eloise to take her topographic point in society. The author # 8217 ; vary on knocking the clasp that the society has on its people and have their ain thought of how people can get away to the comeliness of the ideal. James Joyce feels that society # 8217 ; s grip on the people is so strong that merely through decease can one flight from the dowdiness of the existent. He conveys this in the narrative # 8220 ; Dubliners # 8221 ; , where Joyce describes the protagonist free from society after deceasing. Alan Sillitoe steadfastly believes that in order to accomplish the comeliness of the ideal, the single must fight to get the better of their state of affairs. At least in Sillitoe # 8217 ; s narratives there is hope for the person to get the better of their obstructions, in # 8220 ; One Saturday Afternoon # 8221 ; , Bloke decides to perpetrate self-destruction. While the male child who witness the attempted self-destruction chooses neer to give up on life no affair how hard life gets. J.D. Salinger intensely believes in order to accomplish the comeliness of the ideal 1 must get away the society # 8217 ; s clutch on the person. J.D. Salinger informs us that through private disclosures one can get away from the clasp. In # 8220 ; Uncle Wiggly in Connecticut # 8221 ; , Eloise realizes that she must travel on and let go of herself from the memories of Walt. Through James Joyce, Alan Sillitoe, and J.D. Salinger narratives it is evident that most common struggles arise because of the struggles between comeliness and the dowdiness of the existent. It is ever hard to accomplish the comeliness of the ideal. This is because even if we have everything that makes up the ideal, we still crave for more. Jerome Santiapillai

Elephants essays

Elephants essays This paper is on design and ancestry of elephants. The elephant was created on the fifth day of creation and since then has been able to exist in every one of earths vegetation and climate zones (Groning, 1999). The taming of the elephant was first achieved in the valley of the Indus River, where around 3500 BC the first highly advanced Oriental civilization began to emerge. There is much uncertainty however on whether the first to tame the elephant were settled farmers or forest hunting people (Groning, 1999). At this time these enormous creatures were considered as sacred beings and mystical symbols by many natural religions and cults. The elephant was tamed and trained but never domesticated and even in captivity remained a wild animal (Groning, 1999). The oldest depiction of tame elephants are small seals found during excavations in the Indus River Valley and what today is Pakistan. The seals were found in the ruined city of Mohenjo-Daro and were usually found carved in soft steatite. Evidence that they were tame is found in that they were often drawn by feeding troughs or carrying saddle-blankets (Groning, 1999). The elephant was a well-known creature in the kingdom of the pharaohs, however it was not included in mythology or in every day life. The great pharaoh Thutmose III of 1400 BC hunted the elephant for its ivory. It was later found on an ancient Egyptian hieroglyph that there was a symbol of an elephant named Abu, which was found to be the explanation of the elephants tusk. The Romans derived the word ebur from this, and from the Latin we have the French word ivoire and the English word ivory (Groning, 1999). Elephants probably lived in the forests by the Yellow River during the Bronze Age and seem to have been tamed and used as a work animal during the Shang dynasty. The figure of elephants appears in many relief decorations on early ritual bronzes and also ...

The Emergence of Anatomically Modern Humans Essay

The Emergence of Anatomically Modern Humans - Essay Example It remained a hypothesis until in 1980s when scientific proof of linkages between mitochondrial DNA and samples taken from fossilized specimens were seen to match. Darwin suggested this model after studying the behavior of African apes at the London zoo. He postulated that all Homo sapiens can trace their roots to east Africa from where they originated and moved to other parts of the world. This was termed as ‘monogenism’ or single origin. It was not until the 1980s that a scientist named Allan Wilson and his team was able to find substantial proof of this by comparing the mitochondrial DNA of humans to that of chimpanzees. He concluded that the uncanny resemblance and scarce diversity between the two samples of mitochondrial DNA strongly suggests an evolutionary link between the two. Keeping in mind the limited resources of that time, scientists were able to conclude in 1990s that this evolution probably took place about 150,000 years ago in East Africa. Another important step in proving this theory to be accurate was the use of Y- chromosome that showed its first signs of diversity after the first migration from Africa. It is important to understand that the reason why only mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome were chosen to conduct this genomic reconstruction was because the mitochondrial DNA is passed from the mother to the child without any mutations so that it is safe to say that the mitochondrial DNA that we possess is very much like the mitochondrial DNA of Eve (Jones & John, 2007). Similarly, the Y-chromosome in every adult male shows the least degree of mutation and is very similar to that of Adam himself. Therefore, the tracing of human evolution is most accurate when these two chromosomes are used for genetic reconstruction of ancient Homo sapiens. The second part of this theory discusses how the Homo sapiens travelled out of Africa and expanded to other parts of the world.

Locate articles on the Internet about how population demographics are Assignment

Locate articles on the Internet about how population demographics are changing in the U.S., and other developed countries - Assignment Example On the other hand, the population demographics of developing countries such as Nigeria, Indonesia, India and Pakistan are characterized by high birth rates. The population in Africa and Asia is estimated to triple by 2030 due to the high fertility rates and unexploited resources in those countries (Shapner, 2007). The changes in U.S population demographics will affect the work, healthcare, private wealth and income security of the citizens. The business firms will be required to increase their social security contributions due to the increase in the number of post-retirement years for their workers (Kachru, 2009). The business firms will have to align their employment practices with the changes in population demographics in order to remain competitive. The firms will have to incorporate diversity in their talent development and implement human talent development programs that aim at attracting next generation of young and skilled workforce (Little and Triest, para 3). The business firms will have to shift more of their employees from full-time positions to part-time positions in order to address the life-balance requirements of the aged workforce and the need for luxury (Kurtzleben, para 4). The aging population in the US will increase the demand for health-care services. This requires innovative health technologies that will address the high increase in acute and terminal diseases such as Alzheimer and cancer. The business firms will have to offer additional medical benefits in order to ensure the aged workforce remain productive (Shapner, 2007). In 2008, the birth rate was 14 live births per 1,000 representing a 2 percent decline from 2007 statistics and general fertility rate was 68.6 live births per 1,000 women aged 15-44 years. The high fertility rate was attributable to increased access to child care services and other societal adaptations such as male involvement in household labor. The mortality rate was 9.7 deaths per

Desertion of human resource management the topic it's management Dissertation

Desertion of human resource management the topic it's management performance - Dissertation Example Utilizing Mark and Spencer Company as model, researcher will undertake data analysis using information from purposive-respondents through structured survey questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. Table of contents Chapter 1. Introduction and Background†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Chapter 2. Literature Reviews†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. a. Management Concepts†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. b. Human Resource Management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ c. HRM and Theories of Motivation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ d. Managing Workers’ Performance†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ e. Competitive Advantage†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Chapter 3. Research Methodologies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Chapter 4. Analysis of the Data found†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Chapter 5. Discussion/ Recommendation.............................................................. Chapter 6. Conclusion............................................................................................ ... Literature Review Management is a system or approaches that relates to the ability of leaders or managers to create a motivating environment for co-workers contextualized on situations. It is to lead that value on developing human resources, discipline, effective relations, transformation, strategizing and integrating situational leadership to effect desired change (Hersey, Blanchard, and Dewey, 1998). Applied to human resource, management is a strategy or approach where all workers systematically contribute to the achievement of a firm or company’s goals by employing persons, enhancing their skills, maximizing their capacities with due compensation to services rendered (Armstrong, (2006). To this end, managers evaluate worker’s performance based on corporate standards as part of career development and to employ feedback mechanism for the improvement of performance through coaching (Schneier and Beatty, 1979). This chapter will explicate the correlation of human resourc e management and managing workers performance as contributory factors in engendering competitive advantage. Management Concepts Nienaber. H (2010, pp. 5-6) explained that management relates to an organizational structure where â€Å"general manager† run a business and performed tasks to ensure success in production and marketing affairs. The tasks are often classified into five broad categories: planning, organizing, direction, coordination and control (Fayol, 1916, pp 145-152). These constitute as major managerial functions, with communication, motivation and decision- making as secondary management tasks. Management means â€Å"getting things done effectively through people†. This connotes the imperativeness of leadership’s pivotal role in managing people and their expertise to

Satellite Communication Systems Overview

Satellite Communication Systems Overview SATELLITE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS OVERVIEW Satellite communication enables two Stations on the earth to communicate through radio broadcast which are located far away from each other. The two stations use satellite as a relay station for their communication. One of the earth station will transmit to the satellite. This is called as Uplink. The satellite Transponder will convert the signal and sends it down to the other earth station. This is called a Downlink. The satellite communication is advantageous over terrestrial communication because of the huge coverage area and high bandwidth capabilities. The disadvantages of satellite communication are large propagation delay, communication cost and gradual increase in use of bandwidth. The basic factors to be considered in satellite communication are; elevation angle is the angle of the earth surface to the center line of the satellite transmission beam. This angle gives considerable effects on satellites coverage area. Ideally, elevation angle should be 0 degrees, so that the tr ansmission beam will reach the horizon visible to the satellite in all directions. However, there is a minimum elevation angle of earth stations because of the environmental factors like objects blocking the transmission, atmospheric attenuation, and earth electrical background noise. Coverage angle is the measure of the portion of the earth surface visible to a satellite taking the minimum elevation angle into account. [1] It is denoted as, R/(R+h) = cos (ÃŽ ² + ÃŽ ¸)/cos (ÃŽ ¸) Here R is earth radius (6370 Km), h is satellite orbit height, Î’ is coverage angle and ? is the minimum elevation angle. There are impairments like free space loss, atmospheric attenuation caused by rain and fog will create considerable effects during transmission. [1] There are different type of satellite services namely, Fixed Satellite Services (FSS) to offers point to point communication. Broadcast Satellite Services (BSS) to provide satellite television and radio. Mobile satellite Services (MSS) will provide telephony. There are number of satellites orbiting in different orbits. [1] The types of satellite orbits are (GEO) geostationary earth orbit, Medium earth orbit (MEO), Low earth orbit (LEO) Molniya and tundra orbit.GEO satellites are in orbit 35,863 km above the earths surface along the equator. Objects in Geostationary orbit revolve around the earth at the same speed so as the earth rotates. This means GEO satellites remain in the same position relative to the surface of earth. This satellite has large coverage area which almost one fourth of the earths surface. It has 24 hour continuous view of the particular regions of the earth, so it is used for broadcasting and multipoint applications. These GEO satellites have difficulty in broadcasting in near polar region.LEO satellites are much closer to the earth than GEO satellites, ranging from 500 to 1,500 km above the surface.LEO satellites dont stay in fixed position relative to the surface, and are only visible for 15 to 20 minutes each pass. So a network of LEO satellites is necessary for LEO satellites to be useful. A LEO satellites proximity to earth compared to a GEO satellite gives it a better signal strength and less time delay, which is better for point to point communication. A LEO satellites smaller area of coverage is less of a waste of bandwidth. Atmospheric drag affects LEO satellites, causing gradual orbital deterioration. A MEO satellite is in orbit somewhere between 8,000 km and 18,000 km above the earths surface.MEO satellites are similar to LEO satellites in functionality.MEO satellites are visible for much longer periods of time than LEO satellites, usually between 2 to 8 hours.MEO satellites have a larger coverage area than LEO satellites. Tundra and Molniya Orbit Satellites are used by Russia for decades. Molniya Orbit is an elliptical orbit. The satellite remains in a nearly fixed position relative to earth for eight hours. A series of three Molniya satellites can act like a GEO satellite. It is useful for operations in near Polar Regions. [1] International Teleco mmunication Union (ITU) has done the frequency allocation and planning for all satellite services. To facilitate efficient frequency planning, the whole world is divided into three regions. [1] They are, Region 1: Europe, Africa, Mongolia Region 2: Greenland, South and North America Region 3: Australia, Asia, South west pacific Frequency band are allocated within these regions to provide various satellite services. Some of the satellite services are Broadcasting Satellite Services, Mobile satellite services, fixed satellite services, Navigational and meteorological satellite services. [1] Different types of satellites use various frequency bands. They are given in the table below, FREQUNCY BAND OPERATING FREQUENCY (GHz) TYPES OF SATELLITE SERVICE USES L-Band 1-2 MSS S- Band 2-4 MSS C-Band 4-8 FSS X-Band 8-12.5 FSS Ku-Band 12.5-18 FSS and BSS K-Band 18-26.5 FSS and BSS Ka-band 26.5- 40 FSS References: courses.missouristate.edu/HuiLiu/csc690/slides/Satellite.ppt (http://search.missouristate.edu/advanced/courses.aspx)

Schutz?s theory Essay -- essays research papers

In today’s paper, I will be analysis personal relationship using Schutz’s theory of interpersonal needs. According to Communication Making Connection by William J. Seiler and Melissa L. Beall, Schutz’s theory implies that we have three needs: the need for affection, the need for inclusion, and the need for control. According to Schutz’s theory, the need for affection is the need to feel likeable or lovable. If various people like a specific person, that person has effectively fulfill this need and that need is referred as personal. Someone who is unable to fulfill this need is labeled either underpersonal or overpersonal. Personal individuals want to be liked, but they do not consider being liked by everyone essential for happiness. Underpersonal people avoid emotional commitments or involvement with others. Overpersonal individuals will often go to the extremes to ensure acceptance by others. It is my belief that, I am a personal individual. I’m the type of person that feels like I’m capable of dealing with anyone that I come in contact with. Many people that I’ve encounter over the years like my football teammate feel that I’m cocky; nevertheless I tell them that I’m just confident. My ex-girlfriend, shontell, on the other hand is more an overpersonal type of individual. She needs to be at the center of attention in order to ensure that she is acceptance by she peers. She will not make a decision without someone approval. According to Schutz’s theory, the interpersonal ne...

Diary entries for Lady Macbeth on reading Macbeth’s letter Essay

Diary entries for Lady Macbeth on reading Macbeth’s letter, on Macbeth’s return from battle, on Duncan’s arrival, on Macbeth’s indecision, on the murder of Duncan and on the Banquet and Banquo’s ghost. Today, I received a letter, inside it incredible news from Macbeth. Weird sisters predicted that he was to be Thane of Cawdor! As amazing as this may seem, their prophecy came true! The sisters didn’t just forecast that Macbeth was to be Thane of Cawdor but also that he will be king! My only fear is that Macbeth is too kind for his own good. He must be ruthless if he wants to fulfil his ambition. The nearest way to become king is to cold-heartedly kill Duncan. It would be terrible for Macbeth to miss out on this once-in-a-lifetime opportunity. These weird sisters must be messengers from God or of perhaps the Devil, to foresee something like that. Macbeth must follow up prediction so that it becomes his destiny. I have prayed to the spirits to take away my femininity so I can aid and spur on my husband in his mission to kill Duncan. I beg the spirits to prevent me feeling any remorse so I can stick to the plan. I hope that the night will be foggy and gloomy so that no one can see the stab wound. * * * * * I knew it was a huge, bloody battle and I was just pleased to see the future king alive. I had had no idea if Macbeth was alive and well. I was so worried about him. Not only was I pleased for that reason but also because the start of our lives is just beginning. The benefits and rewards of the throne are soon in the grasp of my hand. Macbeth said that Duncan was to leave the next day. At this moment it occurred to me that this was the time to strike, it must be then or never. We must not give the plot away, so we must look friendly, speak charmingly and generally be two-faced. This is vital to the method. If there is any suspicion of this then we could be on the receiving end of the fatality. If we treat Duncan as best we can then we are less likely to be suspected of being the murderers. He must be provided for and his every requirement must be tended to. Tonight is the start of a new beginning! * * * * * Duncan’s arrival earlier was extremely difficult. To hide such an evil and wicked thing is very tricky. It is constantly on my mind; will it go smoothly? Have we missed any essential thing out? What if it doesn’t go according to plan? I am excited and tense but I know I have to appear hospitable. The conversation between Duncan and myself went smoothly and I kept my cool. I fear Macbeth may reveal a piece of the plan in all the excitement; he must pull through for both of our sakes. I have seemingly made Duncan feel that we are thankful for his stay. Duncan must think everything is prepared for him, so far I think he is pleased with the welcoming he has received. To stop thinking of the murder later on will be even harder than it has been so far. I don’t know how I will cope. Now I must go for I fear the others are getting suspicious of my long disappearance. * * * * * Later on when I entered the room I found Macbeth looking deep in thought. I knew that something was wrong. When he told me he had changed his mind and that we should proceed no further in this business, I was horrified. The words just spilled out of my mouth as if it wasn’t me talking. Maybe my prayers to the spirits to make me cruel and strong, had worked. I accused him of being a coward, that the hope wherein he had dressed himself had been drunk and was now suffering a hangover. Unbelievably, I could even hear myself saying that had I made a promise to him to do so, I would have killed our own baby. That really shocked him back to reality and we were able to make plans for Duncan’s murder. We decided to get Duncan’s guards drunk enough to be able to get to him easily, and then to stab him to death. We could then smear the guards with blood so it may seem their guilt. It is almost too simple to be true! * * * * * That night as I waited for Macbeth to do the terrible deed, every minute seemed like an eternity. An owl shrieked and I nearly jumped out of my skin. What if the guards woke? Macbeth would certainly be executed for treason just as the last Thane of Cawdor was. It’s a good job I had the sense to put laudanum in their drinks. When I went to lay out the guards’ daggers ready, I almost killed Duncan myself, I was so hyped up. Memories of my father stopped me. When Macbeth finally returned, he looked terrible. He was ranting and raving and I couldn’t get any sense out of him. He kept going on about how the guards were shouting in their sleep, ‘murder’ and ‘Macbeth shall sleep no more’. It had not been an easy thing for him to do. This surprised me as he has killed so many people in battle. I had to be really firm with him and got him to go and wash the blood from his hands, to make him do something to snap him out of hysteria. That’s when I realised that he still had the daggers in his hands – the evidence! He was in no state to take them back so I did it myself. When I actually did the job, I was ashamed that I had been so scared. Still, I knew that once I had washed my hands, all evidence would be destroyed and that would be the end of the matter. * * * * * A banquet had been prepared for all our friends. Everything was fine until, suddenly, out of the blue, Macbeth’s expression changed. He started shouting at an empty space at the table and looking terrified. I tried to comfort him and persuade him it was a hallucination, just like the imagined dagger he had seen before he murdered Duncan. Then he started talking to the mirage! It was so embarrassing in front of our guests, and yet worrying because I wondered what was happening to my husband. I had to think, quickly, of an excuse on his behalf – I explained that he was prone to having fits, and that he would soon be okay again.

Free Rational in Buying Economics Essay

Free Rational in Buying Economics Essay Rational in Buying Introduction Branding is all about creating differences. Brands identify the source or marker of a product and allow consumers to assign responsibility to that particular manufacturer or service. The four steps to a strong brand are: Create brand identity. Establish brand meaning. Develop the correct customer response. Most importantly, create an intense, active loyalty relationship with customers. This is called brand relationship. A brand is judged by its salience, performance, imagery, judgment, and resonance. Advertising companies through their dedicated and professional work develops a brand. To understand the rationale in buying within the various demographics (the focus of this study will be on those in the 12-18, 30-45 and over 55 aged groups), this paper first takes a look at the role of brands and its position within the 4Ps of marketing, before evaluating its influence on the various demographics. The 4 Ps of marketing refer to Product, Place, Promotion, and Price. Each of these elements plays an important role in the success of a brand and has direct influence on the demographics mentioned herein. What is the concept of brand personality? No product or company can survive competition or sustain its identity without asserting itself on two basic components in marketing: Image, and people. If not managed properly, these components can break a brand. Brands and people have to be owned, nurtured and developed by an organisation. They are the ultimate differentiators and value creators. Companies such as Pepsi, Coca cola, Levis, and Cadburys are examples of well managed brand companies. So powerful is a brand, that unless harnessed properly, sustainability, popularity, and growth of the product can be at stake. Elements that affect an individual's relationship with a brand are: Relationship between the product and the customer, and the personality the brand associates itself with. The consumer obviously would like the personality traits to be that of his own. Characteristics that brands would like to associate with are a sense of dependability, understanding, and caring; a friend who is always there to care, respect, comfort, and enjoy (Brand Personality-The relationship Basis Model, groups.haas.berkeley.edu). It was thought that companies were responsible was the creation of a brand, or its managers and planners, but the reality is far from these. Brands are created by ordinary people like us. It is the extent to which it makes sense and the role it plays in a consumers life that builds a brand. There are two questions which should be asked: How different are these brands, and how relevant is it to us, as consumers? A product becomes a brand not when it talks about itself, but when people talk about it. Every single thing that one does builds a brand. Executive Summary The three key elements of demographic segmentation variables are age, gender and the life cycle. Age is an important demographic variable in brand development and sales, as purchases vary from one demographic to another. Those in the age group of 12-18 would have a different view of a product than those in the 30-45 age brackets. This can change again with those 50 and above. So, how do marketers identify the needs of these age groups, and what are the parameters by which they can gauge the right demographic for expanding their market and brand? Today, most consumers are aware of his/her rights and are well informed. Television, newspapers and magazines have only contributed to their better understanding of the world around them. Internet has gone a step ahead in educating and promoting awareness at the click of a button. So knowledgeable is todays consumer that it becomes difficult for manufacturers and producers to associate themselves with them. However, there are certain influenc es that demarcate these demographics, the 4Ps of marketing namely, product, place, promotion, and price. These elements have a direct impact on a consumers buying rationale. In order to understand the topic on a consumers buying rationale on the three demographics, this paper explores the importance of branding, and the role of the 4Ps in influencing the buying behaviour.. Three age groups are considered for this analysis; 12-18, 30-45 and those over 55. The primary objective of this paper will be to research the factors that contribute to consumer buying rationale, and then focus on the effect of this on those in the 12-18 ages demographic. Branding and the 4Ps of Marketing Branding is an integral part of marketing. Consumers rely on information to judge a product before buying it. A consumer would weigh the options available to suit his/her need. This is what branding does. Branding is a process employed by manufacturers to convince their customers that their product is about the only thing that provides a solution to their need. The objective of branding is to convey a clear message, ensure credibility, identify with the consumer, motivate the buyer, and develop a strong bond or product loyalty. For this, it is imperative that the company knows the needs and wants of its customers (Lake.L, Lesson 1 in the Developing your Brand's Strategy Course, What is Branding and How Important is it to Your Marketing Strategy? marketing.about.com). So, how do we define branding? Branding is the process by which both a brand and brand identity are developed. Brand stands for name, and brand identity for uniqueness. It is these traits that appeals to the consumer (Definition of Branding on the web, www.wompro.com). Customers have different tastes and not all have the same loyalty for a particular brand. The same is the case with demographics. A brand that may be popular to one segment of demographic need not necessarily be a favourite of another. When such a situation arises, market planners need to work overtime to identify their product to a particular segment of demographic and plan their strategy. This is where 4Ps of marketing come in. Product, product promotion, placing of the product, and pricing of the product are an intrinsic part of marketing. Brand alone will not help sell products, they need to be positioned and priced properly to attract greater market segment. The 4Ps of Marketing The 4 Ps of marketing are in more than one way interdependent. They together help customers in making purchase decisions. If planned properly, 4Ps can also help companies identify the right segment of customers. Consumer buying behaviour is dependent on the following factors: Culture influences: Influenced by parents, brothers, sisters and other family members, they are taught what is wrong or right. Personal References: Friends or people they look up to may influence their choices of purchasing a particular product or service Economical background: Do they have a secure job and a regular income to spend on goods? Marketing and Advertising: Product awareness and branding. Social Status: Can have deep impact on buying behaviour. Parents can influence their children; professionals will have their own opinion. (Factors influencing the behaviour of buyers, Learn Marketing.com, www.learnmarketing.net) In order overcome these factors and attract consumers, marketing gurus employ the 4Ps of marketing. This not only helps companies develop a brand and instigate consumer buying behaviour, it also helps companies identify their target audience. Cultural and social influences have a negative effect on the 12-18 demographic groups. Economically too, these youngsters are dependent. They have a strong understanding of the product and brands, yet their ability to take independent decisions is truncated. However, those in the 30-45 ages demographic are more independent and can pursue their personal preferences. They are economically, socially, and culturally independent. They can thus be targeted by companies easily. The only problem with this segment is that they are not brand loyal and not easily attracted by brand. Those in the 55 and above demographic are active buyers. Necessity is their forte. In the face of this revelation, market pundits find the young 12-18 demographic to be their v alued targeted customers. They are brand loyal. Thus 4Ps have a broader meaning in branding and consumer buying behaviour. A product must satisfy a consumers need. It comes with a cost. Production costs must be kept in check and at the same time quality should not be compromised on. A brand must keep its consumers interest in mind always. Price is next. Price escalation takes place when a product moves through the distribution channel. A manufacturer's selling price becomes a distributor's cost price. This hurts dealers who end up paying more to the distributor. Ultimately, this affects competition and sales. This escalation in prices forces many consumers to look elsewhere. There are many strategies employed by companies to beat competition. There are some who find it hard to offer at reduced price because of brand. There are others who reduce their price in the face of stiff competition. Then there are those who, while retaining their image, launch products that are branded but service a different segment of demographic. Thus, price plays an important role in a consumers buying behaviour. Place can also determine price. Factors like who the final consumer will be and what he or she looks for must be considered. Where does a consumer look when shopping? Having an automobile showroom far from the city may not be the ideal location. It could involve additional transportation costs leading to more price escalation. Is it well connected and accessible or will additional expenses accrue in moving the products to this place? Distribution is affected. Time and money is lost. These are questions that must be addressed to control cost escalation and service customers properly. Promotion relates to publicity. Promotion can take many forms: advertising in various media, events, press releases, trade shows, brochures, flyers, internet and so on. This is where a company focuses on projecting itself and its product. Promotion creates awareness, the first step to sales. Thus, branding and 4Ps play a vital role in consumer buying rationale. This paper focuses on Levis for its research on consumer buying rationale. Levis was selected for the research as its products serve all demographics in 12-18 age group, 30-45 age group, and those above 55. The outcome of the research reflects the influence of branding and 4ps on the various groups (Volker.M, Marketing 4Ps of Marketing, www.sfu.ca). The Company Sal Herman, the creator of Sloops Blue Jeans, would never have imagined that his denim jeans would take the world by storm. The most popular brand the world over denim caters to both the young and old since the 1960's. "Denim is one of the world's oldest fabrics, yet it remains eternally young" declared an American fashion magazine. Denim's popularity was on the rise. It was stronger and more expensive than jean, and though the two fabrics were very similar in many ways, they did have one major difference: denim was made of one colored thread and one white thread; jean was woven of two threads of the same color. Levi Strauss came to San Francisco to open a branch of his brothers' New York dry goods business. He spent time learning the fabric trade in New York before launching his own business that spelt success and made a name for himself. This even instigated people to consider him to be the founder of today's blue jeans, an acknowledgement that is well appreciated by millions of people the world over. Jacob Davis a regular customer of Levis, used to bolts of cloth from the wholesale house of Levi Strauss Co. He introduced metal rivets at the point of strains and looked to Levi Strauss as a business partner for this unique design. Levi, an astute businessman, saw the potential for this new product and agreed to Jacob's proposal. On May 20, 1873, the two men received patent #139,121 from the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Although denim pants had been around at work, worn for many years, it was the first use of rivets that created todays jeans. Jeans began to appear in western cowboy movies and this inculcated more interest in the wear. James Dean and Fonz can be credited for bringing the casuals into fashion for teenagers in the 60's. Jacob Davis took charge of manufacturing when Levi Strauss Co. opened its two factories in San Francisco. The denim for the riveted pants was brought from Amoskeag Mill in Manchester, New Hampshire. Durability was the magic word. People began to accept the denim jeans in a big way and began sporting them to work. Sometime in the 1890s, these pants were so popular that they were assigned the serial number 501 by Levi Strauss Co, a number that exists to this day. Levi Strauss Co. was the only company allowed to make riveted clothing (jean pants and jackets) until the patent went into the public domain around 1891. With the expiry of the patent, began a revolution that saw many garment manufacturers imitating the riveted clothing made by Levi Strauss Co. Sloops Jeans have these same pocket seam rivets and are a direct descendant of the original pair made in 1873. Thanks to Levi Strauss and Jacob Davis, the blue jean has become a household name today (History of the Blue Jeans, The h istory behind Sloops Blue denim jeans started in the 17th Century, www.sloops.com). Analysis Based on the Marketing Research figure No.1 in Appendix of Investigation into different age demographics and rational in the buying behaviour, Levis is an apparel company that launched their successful Levis brand of jeans in the United States in the early 1890s. The jeans have been popular wear with all, especially in age groups of 12-18 and 30-45. There are those die-hards who still swear their loyalty to Levis. It was stronger and more expensive than most other jean. There were two fabrics that were used to make these apparels. Denim was made of one colored thread and one white thread; jean was woven of two threads of the same color. Levis chose to wed the two fabrics milling techniques and used the best grade cotton, of which one thread was dyed indigo blue and the other white. This technique is synonymous of todays jeans. What was it that made Levis a success with all age groups? How and why was Levis accepted without a fight? The success of Levis can be attributed to three distinct features: Colour Reliability Style While blue is the hallmark of all jeans, Levis had used a mixture of indigo blue and laced it with white. This gave their product distinct uniqueness. The combination was an instant hit. People of all ages could relate their style and work by wearing this. School and college goers found jeans most suited to their lifestyle, rugged and carefree. The blue colour gave the students unlimited scope to innovate with other colour shirts and tops. Black, brown, green, white, orange, red, and yellow tops and T-shirts went well with the jeans. The rugged look also appealed to their senses. Thus, Levis had the measure of the youth with their branded product. Levis had created a brand image that reflected the youth. A Levis jean was known for its reliability. The jeans were made of very strong fabric that could resist pressure and strong wash. This appealed to the other age group of 30-45 office goers. Many people found that they could ill afford to work under trying conditions in ordinary pants. Many were faced with the prospect of working under severe physical condition and most wear restricted their movement. Also the fact that many had to be content with limited resources also made it impossible to fill their wardrobe. Thus, they found that Levis suited their demand and position and were immediately attracted to it. Thus, Levis could break into two age groups with their business acumen. A consumers buying behaviour is as intrinsic as a jigsaw puzzle. There are a lot of internal and external factors that propagate an individuals thought. It could be either an individual thought or it could be a result of their immediate surroundings. Consumers are aware of their need and will analyse a product before deciding on what to buy, where to buy, when and how to buy. In general, consumers look for quality, price, and other benefits before deciding on it. These are internal factors that consumers are knowledgeable of. External factors are decisions that are enforced on consumers. Brand plays an important part in a consumers buying pattern. Most consumers are strongly affected by brand imagery and quality of the product. To cater to the 12-18 aged consumers, Levis had to understand the rationale in their buying behaviours. It took them some time to understand the reason for their business decline. Levis had to deviate from their time-tested marketing strategies. What is brand equity? To understand the brand equity, the following pyramid shows how advertisers develop a brand. Brand Pyramid Brand Resonance Most reliable. Brand judgement/Feelings an attractive and comfortable piece of fabric woven to perfection. Brand Performance/Imagery A Quality product. Reassuringly Expensive Brand Salience Best jeans for your money. To achieve a Brand Resonance is the dream of all companies. Levis has grown from strength to strength over the years. Today, the jean is worn as a formal wear as well. This only goes to say that people have accepted Levis as a truly multifunctional product. Levis made adjustments to capture the younger generation by introducing a range of lower priced products to supplement the premium range because the premium market was definitely smaller in terms of size. This had to be done to sustain their presence in all the sectors. In America, Levis answer to expanding customer base and strengthening brand loyalty was to create an entirely new business within Levi Strauss Co that would build on the proven Levi heritage and address an unidentified market. They began by directing their premium jeans in value channels like Target and Wal-Mart. The 150-year-old Levi Strauss Co. was losing ground because of a weakening product and poor customer knowledge. The company was losing ground due to market lapses. They were not paying attention to customer needs. A brand needs to understand the consumer needs. No individual is alike, but to enjoy a better market share, the company needed to study the buying rationale of its customers. From adolescents to the middle aged, these were the people Levis was targeting. They had to plan a strategy to bring back their customers. New brands came along with sexier fits and better fabrics. This was done after they conducted surveys with these age groups to figure out the size of the existing market, their fit, styles and prices that would improve their share without hurting their parent brand. We had a different product and a different archetype, said Scott LaPorta, President and General Manager of US Levi Strauss Signature Brand. He is of the strong belief that the new Levis Strauss Signature jeans stood for strong family values; high quality at affordable price, while the older brand represented individuality and adventure ( Farah, CMO, The Resource for Marketing Executives, How the LPGA and Levi Strauss Signature Brands Built Customer Loyalty and New Brands, www.cmomagazine.com). The Image of a Brand, in the eyes of the consumer, may also act as a so called filter or perception of good or bad products. This is easily influenced by marketing variables and/or other social influences over which the commercial marketer has limited control. Premium Branding has enabled producers to establish consumer loyalty, increase consumer and customer awareness and develop and establish extensions of the brand. This makes branding a paramount element of Marketing Strategy, although it was always demanding a great deal of long-term investment, especially for advertising, promotion and packaging (Phillip Cotter 2003). Marketing What is marketing and how does marketing sustain the awareness of a brand? Can advertising agencies give a brand the impetus to grow and be a part of a household? Ask an OM executive and his immediate response would be yes. Companies are all the time competing with others for space, and to have that cutting edge in the market seek the guidance of professionals who can change the complex of a product by spicing it up. The consumer of today is well educated and knowledgeable. They expect and seek quality. So, do brands really sell by themselves? We come across numerous advertisements endorsed by celebrities. Celebrities like Tiger Woods, Maria Sharapova, David Beckham, and even Ronald Reagan to name a few, endorsed products to create a brand. What marketing gurus need to look at is the services that the company can offer its customers and at what price. We have seen that the needs of those in the age demographics of 12-18 and 30-45 are different. So, what is it that will sell and attra ct these groups? With competition getting bigger, companies are forced to seek new avenues to fight to sustain their image and product in the market. What do advertising agencies offer these companies to enhance their share of the market? Most advertising companies provide all or most of the services like PR, Strategic marketing, Media support, Client servicing, Creative writing, Account planning and Event Management. Public Relations relates to image makers. Advertising agencies offer constant monitoring of competitive advertisements and provide the much needed insights into market trends. Branding Branding is all about creating differences. When a product is given a name, logo, or a symbol it is said to be branded. Brands identify the source or marker of a product and allow consumers to assign responsibility to that particular manufacturer or service. A brand is judged by its salience, performance, imagery, judgment, feeling and finally resonance. Whether the brand ultimately became the number one is debatable. How does a product sustain itself? Simple! Get customers to buy the product over and over again. Is it that simple to have consumers buying the same product over a period of time, despite new products coming into the market? Definitely not! Levis shot to the top for a while before losing ground. Becoming the number one is one thing and sustaining that position is another. The fact is that every brand in every position, whether a number one or a number seven, needs to keep running at the same pace as the other, to remain where it is. No brand becomes a number one overnight unless, of course, it is like Milkmaid, which was a first of its kind in concept. All brands start at positions that are far below in the pecking hierarchy of brands in their respective category. Slowly, but steadily, through relevant inputs of the branding kind, brands raise higher and higher in their category stakes. What consumers look for is reliability and the assurance of a brand. For a brand to be considered number one, it should have high brand equity and high sales volume. It is these factors that determine the confidence in a consumer. It is nice to select number one brands. It should be done in a systematic fashion with inputs from consumers because brands are made for them. This is what advertising agencies strive to deliver for their clients. Every advertising agency strives to attain this goal for their clients. Retail Modern retail is supposed to be complicated business. And we are not just talking about managing a supply chain involving hundreds of suppliers or managing store inventory running into thousands of SKUs (stock-keeping units). Retail is supposed to be complicated for one simple reason: One can never really tell what your customers want. Thats why giant retailers like Wal-Mart and Target spend millions of dollars running sophisticated computer systems that not just track what gets and what doesnt get sold, but the time, place and identity of the buyer. That way, retailers get to push their stocks faster and better. The idea to good advertising and marketing is in studying consumer behaviour. Consumer behaviour is quite unpredictable at times, but on most cases, its just a question of getting the basics right. Advertising agencies draw up plans from time-to-time to woo consumers to these malls. Attractive gifts and discounts offered lure the middle-class strata of society. Strategy It is proven that those in the age bracket of 25-40 have more buying power than others, because of the fact that they are active earners, have relatively liberal social views, and this demographic segment of people outnumber the other age demographics. However, they are impulsive buyers with low brand loyalty. Levi's looked to tap into pop culture to move its merchandise. The move was seen necessary to attract the 12-18 age demographics. Retailers and Merchandisers teamed up to identify the music that was the perfect premium to entice their broad target market. BMG was entrusted the job to identify, confirm, and execute the program and recommend list of songs and artists specifically selected to excite the target market. The end product comprised of three discs for $1.99, with every purchase of $35 or more in Levi's merchandise. This ensured that the teens were receiving a quality product along with three good CDs. These CDs featured video enhancements, special codes allowing the experience of an online chat with Christina Aguilera (one of the artists) herself, game pieces and special links to Sears, Levi's and the artist's Web sites. According to Britton, these are the kind of extras that make promotional products span all age groups within the teen market. "These are successful because, not only is the activity fun, teens can associate it with hanging out with their friends, and if you can tie in something that is going to relate to them and their friends, it's going to hit much closer to home" he continued. It's certainly not hard to imagine a group of teens heading to Sears, not only to buy their clothes and get their CDs together, but also to head home to schedule their chat with their favorite music star together. The CD promotion was a great success for Sears and Levi's, with more than 750,000 CDs distributed over the lifespan of the program. Britton also said that concert tickets, entrances to festivals, a night on the town in a limo, were the kind of experiences teens dream of and get excited about. This does however have a legal tangle; "While teens are more tech-savvy these days, they are still not adults, and as a responsible brand, you have to raise the bar on your level of communication with younger people. "Companies need to be clear about the real ch ances to win and what teens really have to do to participate, and maybe the fine print should be a little bit bigger, so to speak". Companies dealing with kids below 14 years need to deal with their parents as well. If any kind of direct marketing is involved with children below 14 years, COPPA laws states clearly that they have to get their parents assent to get the e-mail address. By marketing to teens a lot more can be gained. It is here that greater opportunity to build a lifetime brand loyalty among teenagers begins. It may seem easy to say but the fact that in order to keep the targeted teens loyal to the brand, strategies need to develop simultaneously. Consumer behaviour and buying trend needs to be monitored from time-to-time. Coca-Cola, according to Britton, is an example to emulate. "Coke has done a great job. That company starts with the teens, takes them all the way up to adulthood, and back to nostalgia," he says (Back to School, September 2, 2003, potentialsmag.com) . Recommendations Thus, the research on the three age demographics revealed that by employing strategies, they could sustain their operations and profits. The outcome pointed to the following points in determining consumer buying rationale. These factors directly or indirectly led to the buying rationale of those in the age groups of 12-18, 30-45, and 50 and above. These factors are: Culture and society Consumers personal involvement in buying, and motivation patterns The consumers brand perception Social background Models of consumer behaviour need to be studied Motivation 4Ps Market planners must initiate action to identify consumer needs and want. Branding is a method to induce a purchase. Meticulous planning and the use of the 4Ps will help companies overcome difficulties and help sustain business. Companies need to identify their market segment and work to build on their image. Price, place, promotions, and product, not necessarily in that order, need to be made more consumers centric. This will only help overcome competition. Conclusion Companies can learn from the strategies adopted by Levis. Levis had from the beginning targeted the 12-18 ages demographic, and worked on bringing them into its strong consumer base. This age demographic is more brands loyal and this was a point of contention for Levis to target this segment. To win them over, Levis had to cut price and at the same time produce quality Levis brand jeans. This they did by cutting overheads, designing equally good jeans at lower costs, while at the same time maintaining their trademark brand for their more high class customers. They did away with franchise and opened their own outlets to minimise costs and made elaborate arrangements to cut into logistics. This way, Levis was able to control price escalation and maintain their loyal consumer base.

Timeline of Canadas 1970 October Crisis

Timeline of Canadas 1970 October Crisis In October 1970, two cells of the Front de Libà ©ration du Quà ©bec (FLQ), a revolutionary organization promoting an independent and socialist Quebec, kidnapped British Trade Commissioner James Cross and Quebec Labour Minister Pierre Laporte. Armed forces were sent into Quebec to help the police and the federal government invoked the War Measures Act, temporarily suspending civil liberties. Key Events of the October Crisis of  1970 Here is a timeline of the key events during the October Crisis. October 5, 1970British Trade Commissioner James Cross was kidnapped in Montreal, Quebec. Ransom demands from the Liberation cell of the FLQ included the release of 23 political prisoners, $500,000 in gold, broadcast, and publication of the FLQ Manifesto, and an aircraft to take the kidnappers to Cuba or Algeria. October 6, 1970Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau and Quebec Premier Robert Bourassa agreed that decisions on the FLQ demands would be made jointly by the federal government and the Quebec provincial government. The FLQ Manifesto, or excerpts of it, was published by several newspapers. Radio station CKAC received threats that James Cross would be killed if FLQ demands were not met. October 7, 1970Quebec Justice Minister Jerome Choquette said he was available for negotiations. The FLQ Manifesto was read on CKAC radio. October 8, 1970The FLQ Manifesto was read on the CBC French network Radio-Canada. October 10, 1970The Chenier cell of the FLQ kidnapped Quebec Minister of Labour Pierre Laporte. October 11, 1970Premier Bourassa received a letter from Pierre Laporte pleading for his life. October 12, 1970The Army was sent in to guard Ottawa. October 15, 1970The Quebec government invited the Army into Quebec to help local police. October 16, 1970Prime Minister Trudeau announced the proclamation of the War Measures Act, emergency legislation dating from World War I. October 17, 1970The body of Pierre Laporte was found in the trunk of a car at the airport in St.-Hubert, Quebec. November 2, 1970The Canadian federal government and the Quebec provincial government together offered a reward of $150,000 for information leading to the arrest of the kidnappers. November 6, 1970Police raided the hideout of the Chenier cell and arrested Bernard Lortie. Other cell members escaped. November 9, 1970The Quebec Justice Minister asked for the Army to stay in Quebec for another 30 days. December 3, 1970James Cross was released after police discovered where he was being held and the FLQ were given assurance of their safe passage to Cuba. Cross had lost weight but said he was not physically mistreated. December 4, 1970Federal Justice Minister John Turner said the exiles to Cuba would be for life. Five FLQ members received passage to Cuba - Jacques Cossette-Trudel, Louise Cossette-Trudel, Jacques Lanctà ´t, Marc Carbonneau and Yves Langlois. They later moved to France. Eventually, all returned to Canada and served short jail terms for kidnapping. December 24, 1970Troops were withdrawn from Quebec. December 28, 1970Paul Rose, Jacques Rose, and Francis Simard, the remaining three members of the Chenier cell, were arrested. With Bernard Lortie, they were charged with kidnapping and murder. Paul Rose and Francis Simard later received life sentences for murder. Bernard Lortie was sentenced to 20 years for kidnapping. Jacques Rose was initially acquitted but later convicted of being an accessory and sentenced to eight years in prison. February 3, 1971A report from Justice Minister John Turner on the use of the War Measures Act said 497 people were arrested. Of these, 435 were released, 62 were charged, 32 without bail. July 1980A sixth person, Nigel Barry Hamer, was charged in the kidnapping of James Cross. He was later convicted and sentenced to 12 months in jail.

Medical Genetic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Medical Genetic - Essay Example 4. Giving the allele symbol M (dominant allele), m (recessive allele) the proband genotype is MM and the husband’s genotype is mm. If II: 2 is heterozygous, her genotype will be Mm. III: 1 will be heterozygous or homozygous with equal possibilities. This because the genes cross and combines to produce a child that has a genotype of either Mm, Mm, mm or mm as shown in table 1. 7. It is not possible because II.12 has a possibility 75% possibility of having a healthy girl and 25% of having the one with the trait. The genotypes of the III.12 daughter either are Mm, mm, mm, or mm. 10. Yes, gene mutation leads to ether deletions or insertions caused by the uncertainties during the chromosomal crossover due to meiosis. This causes misalignment of homologous chromosomes leading to a different structure of the DNA. 3. The frequency of homozygous and heterozygous gametes expected from II.2 is computed using Punnett table 3 with the information on the pedigree. Consequently, the two genotypes have equal frequency of occurrence of 50%. 5. Typically, it is a Mendelian inheritance. This is because offspring with a dominant allele from either of the parents has the trait, and dominant allele dominates the recessive allele. The pedigree indicates phenotypic traits that show co-dominance of the dominant allele. vii) Assuming No. of full linkage recombinant in the family, according to the pedigree=3. The no. of total progeny is 9 but one is exceptional hence the no. on non-recombinant offspring is 8. Consequently, probability of observing children of II.2 genotype is given by 0/2=infinity. Parental probability =hence linkage genotype probability (very small), which is the probability of sequence with linkage ()=0 viii) In independent linkage, the probability multiplies for each linkage probability is given by  ¼ (0.25) because all four possible genotypes are equally probable.

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 47

Case Study Example Things would be different if there were no instructional videos, but the reality is that there are no excuses for hotel cleaners not to clean the rooms to a high standard. The $10 test may be viewed as somewhat tacky, but it has done the job because performance standards have been raised since the test was introduced. The types of control that are illustrated in this case are income and personal observation. First of all, employees have the ability to receive a bonus if they can do a good job, and this gives them an incentive because it will boost their income. Also, personal observation is present because the managers check the rooms themselves and then make a judgment based on what they have observed. For her new job Toby can use her previous knowledge about customer service skills to try and understand how decisions are made in her new department. Toby is a people person and so she should have little trouble getting to know her new co-workers and learning what exactly is required of her. Toby does have the ability to change the decision-making styles in her new department, but she needs to be this slowly because otherwise she will cause too much trouble. Toby would benefit because then she could properly understand the strengths and weaknesses of her department. Knowing what to change and what should remain is an important decision. If Toby does not do this, then she might make some changes that do not go down well with her boss and the other supervisors. Until Toby has established herself in her new role, she needs to just sit back and observe others so that she can make the right suggestions when the time comes. One public personality that had a distinct decision-making style was the late Steve Jobs. He was known for not wanting input from those around him, and it sometimes got him into trouble. He was a radical decision maker because he would often think outside the square and come up with new inventions, like the iPod